Not all negative emotions are equal - Sadness and anger develop differently and their adaptivity is age-graded.

We argue that a comprehensive understanding of emotional development across adulthood must go beyond broad dimensions of affect and consider discrete emotions. Current evidence focuses on sadness and anger, two negative emotions that exert contrasting age trajectories because anger has high adaptive value in young adulthood, when people have abundant resources and need to carve out a niche in society, whereas sadness has high adaptive value in old age, a time of declining resources that requires adaptation to increasingly unattainable goals. We conclude that our position about the age-graded experience and adaptive value of emotions should hold for a variety of negative and positive emotions.

The suffering ape hypothesis.

The "fearful ape hypothesis" could be regarded as one aspect of a more general "suffering ape hypothesis": Humans are more likely to experience negative emotions (e.g., fear, sadness), aversive symptoms (e.g., pain, fever), and to engage in self-harming behavior (e.g., cutting, suicide attempts) because these might motivate affiliative, consolatory, and supportive behavior from their prosocial environment thereby enhancing evolutionary fitness.

Anger is red, sadness is blue: Emotion depictions in abstract visual art by artists and non-artists.

Through the manipulation of color and form, visual abstract art is often used to convey feelings and emotions. Here, we explored how colors and lines are used to express basic emotions and whether non-artists express emotions through art in similar ways as trained artists. Both artists and non-artists created abstract color drawings and line drawings depicting six emotions (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and wonder). To test whether people represented basic emotions in similar ways, we computationally predicted the emotion of a given drawing by comparing it to a set of references created by averaging across all other participants' drawings within each emotion category. We found that prediction accuracy was higher for color drawings than line drawings and higher for color drawings by non-artists than by artists. In a behavioral experiment, we found that people (N = 242) could also accurately infer emotions, showing the same pattern of results as our computational predictions. Further computational analyses of the drawings revealed systematic use of certain colors and line features to depict each basic emotion (e.g., anger is generally redder and more densely drawn than other emotions, sadness is more blue and contains more vertical lines). Taken together, these results imply that abstract color and line drawings are able to convey certain emotions based on their visual features, which are also used by human observers to understand the intended emotional connotation of abstract artworks.

"Heart strings and purse strings" revisited: A preregistered replication and extension.

The Appraisal-Tendency Framework outlines that discrete emotions of similar valence behave differently, based on each emotion's specific appraisal profile. In the domain of pricing decisions, a seminal paper by Lerner and colleagues report incidental, negative emotions of disgust and sadness to show a divergent effect on spending decisions based on the perceived ownership of a commodity. Specifically, disgust-reduced spending while sadness increased spending on a new product. However, these researchers theorized, but did not statistically test the effects of emotion-induced motivational goals for sadness ("change circumstances") and disgust ("expel and avoid") as the drivers behind their divergent effects on spending. This study (N = 403) sought to replicate these primary findings in close adherence to the original protocol with better measurement properties in a different geographical location. It further extended the examination by empirically testing the distinct mediating processes for sadness and disgust by utilizing measures identified from a pilot study (N = 169) based on the original protocol. We found support for the effect of sadness (vs. disgust and neutral) in inducing higher choice prices through the motivational goal of changing circumstances, but the expected pattern of results for disgust was not replicated. Additionally, we examined the role of arousal in this context as a factor driving the effect of these emotions on spending. Our research offers new insights regarding the well-known "misery-is not miserly" effect for practitioners while also providing impetus for future research on the endowment effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Shifting qualities of negative affective experience through adolescence: Age-related change and associations with functional outcomes.

Research shows negative affect increases in healthy adolescents, and this normative change is paralleled by increasing risk for the onset of psychopathology. However, research is limited in characterizing qualitative differences in the type of negative affect experienced beyond the positive-negative valence dimension. In the current study, we establish the relationship between different forms of negative affect and functioning outcomes (i.e., different facets of social functioning and life satisfaction), and examine whether these forms of negative affect are differentially prevalent across late childhood and adolescence. Seven-hundred and 70 participants aged 8-17 years completed self-report measures that assessed a wide range of negative affective experiences. A factor analysis on the negative affect items revealed a four-factor solution that characterized the dimensions of affective experience, with factors reflecting general anxiety, anger, evaluative anxiety, and sadness. Generalized additive model approaches revealed general anxiety increased nonlinearly with age and was associated with decreased reports of emotional support, a facet of social functioning. Anger was associated with increased perceived hostility, perceived rejection, and decreased life satisfaction, and remained stable across the age range. Evaluative anxiety was associated with greater loneliness and increased linearly with increasing age. Sadness was associated with all outcome measures and showed nonlinear changes with age, with notable increases in midadolescence. These results show that subsuming these subtypes of negative affect under a singular concept may obscure meaningful relationships between affect, age, and functioning. Exploring diverse forms of negative affect may help refine theories of emotional development and ultimately inform windows of risk for psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Changes in happiness, sadness, anxiety, and anger around romantic relationship events.

Most people agree that romantic relationships greatly affect how we feel. For example, we typically feel happier when getting married but sadder when breaking up. However, previous research primarily focused on changes in cognitive but less so affective well-being around positive and negative relationship events. Set-point theory suggests that subjective well-being might change shortly around such experiences but bounce back in the long run. Using data from the Socio-Economic Panel study (SOEP), we examined changes in life satisfaction, happiness, sadness, anxiety, and anger in the 5 years before and 5 years after moving in with a partner (N = 4,399), marriage (N = 3,731), separation (N = 3,538), and divorce (N = 1,103). Life satisfaction and happiness increased slightly in the years before moving in and marriage. For marriage, these effects were short-lived and diminished after 1 year. Separation and divorce were associated with much larger well-being impairments (especially a strong increase of sadness) that were most pronounced shortly before and after the event and attenuated in the following years. Changes in anxiety and anger were much smaller. Our findings suggest that romantic relationship events not only relate to substantial changes in life satisfaction but also affective well-being. These changes vary for different well-being facets, are most pronounced for happiness and sadness at the time of the event, and bounce back in the long run. As one of the first studies, we demonstrate that set-point theory not only applies to cognitive but also affective well-being around romantic relationship events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Experiências e vivências maternas frente à dor no recém-nascido durante procedimentos invasivos: revisão integrativa / Maternal experiences and experiences with newborn pain during invasive procedures: integrative review / Experiencias maternas y experiencias con el dolor del recién nacido durante procedimientos invasivos: revisión integradora

Objetivo: conhecer os sentimentos maternos frente a dor no recém-nascido durante procedimentos invasivos. Método: revisão integrativa cuja elaboração da questão norteadora foi baseada na estrutura mnemônica PiCo (População, Fenômeno de Interesse e Contexto): "Quais são os sentimentos maternos gerados frente a pratica de procedimentos invasivos que podem causar dor em seus filhos recém-nascidos? A busca dos estudos foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: lilacs, medline, pubmed, scielo e embase, com a combinação dos descritores em português, espanhol e inglês: mães, sentimentos, procedimentos invasivos; criança, dor, experiências, unidade de terapia intensiva, internação, hospitalar. Sem limite temporal. A coleta ocorreu de setembro a outubro de 2022. Resultados: a busca nas bases de dados resultou em 398 artigos sendo apenas nove artigos selecionados, os quais contemplaram a pergunta de pesquisa. Conclusão: os sentimentos maternos frente aos procedimentos invasivos que causam dor em seus filhos envolvem intenso sofrimento expresso por momentos de angústias, ansiedade, estresse, tristeza, medo, impotência e rompimento da vinculação mãe e filho. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Mães; Sentimentos; Procedimentos Invasivos; Dor; Criança.

Objective: to know maternal feelings regarding pain in newborns during invasive procedures. Method: integrative review whose elaboration of the guiding question was based on the PiCo mnemonic structure (Population, Phenomenon of Interest and Context): "What are the maternal feelings generated when facing the practice of invasive procedures that can cause pain in their newborn children? The search for studies was carried out in the following databases: lilacs, medline, pubmed, scielo and embase, with a combination of descriptors in Portuguese, Spanish and English: mothers, feelings, invasive procedures; child, pain, experiences, intensive care unit, admission, hospital. No time limit. The collection took place from September to October 2022. Results: the search in the databases resulted in 398 articles, with only nine selected articles, which included the research question. Conclusion: maternal feelings in the face of invasive procedures that cause pain in their children involve intense suffering expressed by moments of anguish, anxiety, stress, sadness, fear, impotence and disruption of the mother-child bond.

Objetivo: conocer los sentimientos maternos en relación al dolor en recién nacidos durante procedimientos invasivos. Método: revisión integrativa cuya elaboración de la pregunta guía se basó en la estructura mnemotécnica PiCo (Población, Fenómeno de Interés y Contexto): "¿Cuáles son los sentimientos maternos generados ante la práctica de procedimientos invasivos que pueden causar dolor en sus hijos recién nacidos? La búsqueda de estudios se realizó en las siguientes bases de datos: lilacs, medline, pubmed, scielo y embase, con una combinación de descriptores en portugués, español e inglés: mothers, feelings, invasive procedures; child, pain, experiences, intensive care unit, admission, hospital. Sin límite de tiempo. La recogida tuvo lugar de septiembre a octubre de 2022. Resultados: la búsqueda en las bases de datos resultó en 398 artículos, con sólo nueve artículos seleccionados, que incluían la pregunta de investigación. Conclusión: los sentimientos maternos ante procedimientos invasivos que causan dolor en sus hijos implican un intenso sufrimiento expresado por momentos de angustia, ansiedad, estrés, tristeza, miedo, impotencia y ruptura del vínculo madre-hijo.

Reações de mães de meninos vítimas de violência sexual diante da revelação / Reacciones de madres de niños víctimas de violencia sexual frente a revelación / Mother's reactions towards their sons' disclosure of sexual violence victimization

RESUMO Os estudos existentes acerca da revelação da violência sexual são, em sua maioria, baseados em casos de meninas. À vista disso, objetivou-se conhecer as reações protetivas e não protetivas de mães e pais diante da revelação de meninos vítimas de violência sexual. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, por meio de entrevistas, com nove mães. Em seguida, efetuou-se a análise temática dos dados, que resultou em seis temas: momento da revelação; confiança e desconfiança; acolhimento; busca de ajuda; emoções; e proteção. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados indicam que as mães apresentaram, no geral, reações protetivas diante da revelação, evidentes em todos os temas identificados. A partir do momento da revelação, as mães confiaram nos seus filhos e buscaram acolhê-los por meio de uma escuta atenta, também, cabe dizer, algumas entraram em estado de paralisia e entristecimento. Esse acolhimento foi seguido de busca de informações e de atendimento especializado. A proteção ocorreu, ainda, por meio do afastamento dos agressores e monitoramento da rotina dos filhos. Nesse sentido, é fundamental que haja investimento em ações de conscientização sobre os serviços disponíveis para que cuidadores possam proteger crianças e adolescentes em risco. Além disso, são necessárias intervenções que visem auxiliá-los no manejo de seus sentimentos diante da revelação, bem como em relação às consequências da violência para crianças e adolescentes.

RESUMEN. Los estudios existentes sobre divulgación de violencia sexual se basan principalmente en casos de niñas. El objetivo era conocer las reacciones protectoras y no protectoras de madres y padres ante la revelación de niños que son víctimas de violencia sexual. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, a través de entrevistas con nueve madres. Se llevó a cabo un análisis temático de datos, que resultó en seis temas: momento de revelación, confianza y desconfianza, acogida, búsqueda de ayuda, emociones y protección. Los resultados indican que las madres mostraron reacciones protectoras a la revelación, evidente en todos los temas. Desde el momento de la revelación, las madres confiaron en sus hijos y trataron de recibirlos escuchando atentamente, algunos de los cuales entraron en un estado de parálisis y tristeza. Siguió la búsqueda de información y asistencia especializada. La protección también se produjo mediante la eliminación de agresores y el monitoreo de la rutina de los niños. Es necesario invertir en acciones de concientización sobre los servicios disponibles. Además, se necesitan intervenciones para ayudarlos a manejar sus sentimientos ante la divulgación.

ABSTRACT. Studies on the disclosure of sexual violence are majorly based on cases involving girls. The objective was to investigate protective and non-protective reactions of mothers and fathers of boys towards the disclosure of sexual violence victimization. In this qualitative research, we interviewed nine mothers and analyzed the data using thematic analysis, which resulted in six themes: moment of disclosure, trust and distrust, welcoming, help seeking, emotions, and protection. Altogether, results showed that mothers, in general, presented protective reactions towards the disclosure, which was evident in all identified themes. After disclosure, mothers trusted their sons and sought to protect them by attentive listening, although some of them entered a state of paralysis and sadness. This welcoming of their sons' disclosure was followed by seeking information and specialized treatment. Protection was also identified by withdrawing from aggressors and monitoring the boys' routines. Thus, it is necessary to invest in actions to raise awareness of the available services so that caretakers can protect children and adolescents at risk. In addition, interventions are required to assist them to manage their feelings towards disclosure, as well as the consequences of violence for children and adolescents.

Impactos reais e/ou potenciais da pandemia de Covid-19 na saúde mental de idosos / Real and/or potential impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health in older adults / Impactos reales y/o potenciales de la pandemia de Covid-19 en la salud mental de los ancianos

A pandemia de COVID-19 e as medidas de controle para conter a disseminação do vírus, como o distanciamento social, trouxeram mudanças à rotina das pessoas, mundialmente. Esse contexto pode gerar impactos adversos para a saúde mental dos indivíduos, especialmente, àqueles em maior vulnerabilidade, os idosos. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar na literatura os impactos reais e/ou potenciais da pandemia de COVID-19 na saúde mental de idosos. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura com buscas realizadas na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, que utilizou a seguinte estratégia de busca: (Coronavírus OR "Infecções por Coronavirus" OR "Coronavirus Infections" OR COVID-19) AND (idoso OR elderly OR aged) AND ("Saúde Mental" OR "Mental Health"). Foram critérios de inclusão: artigos acessados na íntegra, sem distinção de ano e idioma, indexados até o dia 11 de novembro de 2020; e os critérios de exclusão: artigos com fuga do escopo da pesquisa, revisões de literatura, arquivos multimídia e duplicados. Foram encontrados 241 registros, e após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade estabelecidos restaram 27 artigos para discussão. Dentre os impactos reais/potenciais da pandemia de COVID-19 na saúde mental dos idosos, abordados nos estudos, destaca-se a ansiedade, depressão, solidão, estresse, sensação de medo ou pânico, tristeza, suicídio/ideação suicida e insônia. Apesar disso, considera-se que há uma quantidade ainda escassa de estudos voltados especificamente para a população idosa que permitam aprofundar as discussões sobre esse tema.

The COVID-19 pandemic and control measures to contain the spread of the virus, such as social detachment, have brought changes to people's routine, worldwide. This context can generate adverse impacts on the mental health of individuals, especially those most vulnerable, the older adults. The aim of this study was to analyze in the literature the real and / or potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the older adults. It is an integrative literature review with searches performed in the Virtual Health Library, which used the following search strategy: (Coronavírus OR "Infecções por Coronavirus" OR "Coronavirus Infections" OR COVID- 19) AND (idoso OR elderly OR aged) AND ("Saúde Mental" OR "Mental Health"). Inclusion criteria were: articles accessed in full, without distinction of year and language, indexed until November 11, 2020; and exclusion criteria: articles with escape the scope of the research, literature reviews, multimedia and duplicate files, 241 records were found, and after applying the established eligibility criteria, 27 articles remained for discussion, among the actual / potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on older people, addressed in the studies, anxiety, depression, loneliness, stress, feeling of fear or panic, sadness, suicide / suicidal ideation and insomnia stand out. Despite this, there is still a small amount studies specifically aimed at the older population that allow further discussions on this topic.

La pandemia de covid-19 y las medidas de control para contener la propagación del virus, como el distanciamiento social, han supuesto cambios en la rutina de las personas en todo el mundo. Este contexto puede generar impactos adversos a la salud mental de los individuos, especialmente a los más vulnerables, los ancianos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar en la literatura los impactos reales y/o potenciales de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la salud mental de los ancianos. Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica integradora con búsquedas realizadas en la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, que utilizó la siguiente estrategia de búsqueda: (Coronavirus OR "Coronavirus Infections" OR "Coronavirus Infections" OR COVID-19) AND (elderly OR aged) AND ("Mental Health" OR "Mental Health"). Los criterios de inclusión fueron: artículos accedidos en su totalidad, independientemente del año y el idioma, indexados hasta el 11 de noviembre de 2020; y los criterios de exclusión: artículos que estuvieran fuera del ámbito de la investigación, revisiones bibliográficas, archivos multimedia y duplicados. Se encontraron un total de 241 registros, y tras aplicar los criterios de elegibilidad establecidos, quedaron 27 artículos para su discusión. Entre los impactos reales/potenciales de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la salud mental de los ancianos, abordados en los estudios, destacan la ansiedad, la depresión, la soledad, el estrés, la sensación de miedo o pánico, la tristeza, la ideación suicida/suicida y el insomnio. A pesar de ello, se considera que todavía hay una escasa cantidad de estudios dirigidos específicamente a la población de edad avanzada que permitan profundizar en las discusiones sobre este tema.

Contribuições do profissional de psicologia para o paciente em cuidados paliativos / Contributions of the psychology professional to the patient in palliative care / Aportaciones del profesional de la psicología para el paciente en cuidados paliativos

Os cuidados paliativos englobam uma filosofia de cuidados que objetivam a promoção da qualidade de vida e alívio do sofrimento, tanto para o paciente fora de possibilidades de cura quanto aos seus familiares, de modo que possa integrar aspectos de ordem física, psíquica, social e espiritual. O presente artigo buscou, a partir do estudo de revisão bibliográfica, compreender o processo da morte e sua implicância psíquica na vida do paciente em cuidados paliativos para, posteriormente, elencar as possíveis contribuições do profissional de psicologia ao mesmo. Observou-se que a atuação do psicólogo nesse âmbito é de imensa importância, uma vez que o processo de adoecer e morrer permeiam a vida do ser humano, causando-lhe grande sofrimento. Percebeu-se também que as ações do psicólogo se dão no sentido de tornar a morte e seus impactos mais suportáveis, por meio da escuta, do acolhimento emocional, dentre outros aspectos importantes que se referem à sua natureza científica.

Palliative care encompasses a philosophy of care aimed at promoting quality of life and alleviating suffering, both for the patient with no chance of cure and for their family members, so that they can integrate physical, psychic, social and spiritual aspects. The present article sought, from the study of literature review, to understand the process of death and its psychic implications in the life of the patient in palliative care to, later, list the possible contributions of the psychology professional to it. It was observed that the role of the psychologist in this context is of immense importance, since the process of falling ill and dying permeates the life of human beings, causing them great suffering. It was also noticed that the psychologist's actions take place in the sense of making death and its impacts more bearable, through listening, emotional reception, among other important aspects that refer to its scientific nature.

Los cuidados paliativos engloban una filosofía de atención que tiene como objetivo promover la calidad de vida y el alivio del sufrimiento, tanto para el paciente fuera de las posibilidades de curación como para sus familiares, de modo que puede integrar aspectos de orden físico, psicológico, social y espiritual. El presente artículo buscó, a partir del estudio de revisión bibliográfica, comprender el proceso de la muerte y su implicación psíquica en la vida del paciente en cuidados paliativos para, posteriormente, enumerar las posibles aportaciones del profesional de la psicología al mismo. Se observó que la actuación del psicólogo en esta área es de inmensa importancia, ya que el proceso de enfermar y morir impregna la vida del ser humano, causándole un gran sufrimiento. También se dio cuenta de que las acciones del psicólogo se dan con el fin de hacer más llevadera la muerte y sus impactos, a través de la escucha, el apoyo emocional, entre otros aspectos importantes que se refieren a su carácter científico.

Emognition dataset: emotion recognition with self-reports, facial expressions, and physiology using wearables.

The Emognition dataset is dedicated to testing methods for emotion recognition (ER) from physiological responses and facial expressions. We collected data from 43 participants who watched short film clips eliciting nine discrete emotions: amusement, awe, enthusiasm, liking, surprise, anger, disgust, fear, and sadness. Three wearables were used to record physiological data: EEG, BVP (2x), HR, EDA, SKT, ACC (3x), and GYRO (2x); in parallel with the upper-body videos. After each film clip, participants completed two types of self-reports: (1) related to nine discrete emotions and (2) three affective dimensions: valence, arousal, and motivation. The obtained data facilitates various ER approaches, e.g., multimodal ER, EEG- vs. cardiovascular-based ER, discrete to dimensional representation transitions. The technical validation indicated that watching film clips elicited the targeted emotions. It also supported signals' high quality.

Discrete negative emotions and goal disengagement in older adulthood: Context effects and associations with emotional well-being.

This study examined whether sadness, but not anger, could facilitate adaptive goal disengagement capacity in the context of older adult's stress-related experiences. To this end, we investigated whether the within-person effects of sadness and anger on older adults' goal disengagement capacity were moderated by stress perceptions and diurnal cortisol levels. In addition, we tested whether an association between sadness and goal disengagement capacity could protect emotional well-being when older adults experience higher than normal perceived stress or cortisol. The study used data from a 6-wave 10-year longitudinal study of 184 community-dwelling older adults (Mage = 72.08, SDage = 5.70). Participants' sadness, anger, goal disengagement capacity, perceived stress, diurnal cortisol levels, emotional well-being (i.e., positive and negative affect), and sociodemographic variables were assessed at each wave. Hierarchical linear modeling showed that within-person increases in sadness, but not anger, predicted increased goal disengagement capacity among older adults who generally secreted high levels of cortisol. Moreover, older adults' who disengaged more easily when they felt sad were protected from declines in positive affect during assessments in which they secreted high, but not low, levels of cortisol. The study's findings suggest that generally enhanced cortisol output may facilitate an association between sadness and older adults' goal disengagement capacity and that this process may protect against declines in emotional well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Age differences in sadness reactivity and variability.

Sadness is a negative emotion typically elicited by loss experiences. Given that losses increase with age, sadness should be relatively salient in this life phase. Such sadness experiences may serve an adaptive function in old age, if they facilitate detachment from unattainable goals. Thus, we predicted increased and less variable levels of sadness to occur among older, as compared with younger, adults in response to film clips involving loss-related themes. To test this prediction, a sample of 52 younger (Mage = 23.75 years, SD = 4.52) and 52 older adults (Mage = 71.21 years, SD = 6.11) watched four films and reported their sadness on multiple occasions during each film. In partial support of the hypotheses, the results showed that older, as compared with younger, adults reported greater sadness in response to one out of four film clips. However, there was no conclusive evidence for age differences in sadness variability within or across the films. Additional analyses revealed that age differences were not significant for another emotion, anxiety, in neither reactivity nor variability. Finally, although there were no age differences in mean levels of interest in the films, interest showed less variability among older, as compared with younger, adults. These findings are discussed from the perspective of a discrete emotions theory proposing distinct functions and associated differential age-related changes for different negative emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Loneliness, sadness, and feelings of social disconnection in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Public health measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic have led to feelings of loneliness among older adults, which, prior to COVID, has been associated with subsequent morbidity and mortality. We sought to identify differences in feelings of loneliness, sadness, and social disconnection early in the pandemic across racial groups, and possible mitigating factors. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis using the weighted nationally-representative Medicare Current Beneficiaries Survey COVID-19 supplement, collected summer 2020. We included all Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older who did not respond by proxy. We examined changes in loneliness, sadness, or feelings of social disconnection. Multivariable logistic regression models accounted for sociodemographic variables, access to primary care and the internet, and history of depression or dementia. RESULTS: Among 8125 beneficiaries, representative of 43.7 million Medicare beneficiaries, 22.6% reported loneliness or sadness, and 37.1% feeling socially disconnected. In fully-adjusted models, Hispanic/Latinx beneficiaries were most likely to report loneliness or sadness (OR = 1.3, CI: 1.02-1.65; p = 0.02) and Black beneficiaries were least likely to report feeling socially disconnected (OR = 0.55; CI: 0.42-0.73; p < 0.001). Internet access was associated with increased odds of both (OR = 1.29, 95 CI: 1.07-1.56; p = 0.009; and OR = 1.42, 95 CI: 1.24-1.63; p < 0.001, respectively). Access to primary care was associated with lower odds of both (OR = 0.77, 95 CI: 0.61-0.96; p = 0.02; and OR = 0.72, 95 CI: 0.61-0.87; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Loneliness, sadness, and feelings of social disconnection were common among older Medicare beneficiaries early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Differences by race/ethnicity may be driven by different living structures and social networks, and warrant further study. Policy makers and clinicians should consider facilitating connection by phone or in person, as internet access did not diminish feelings of loneliness, particularly for those living alone. Access to primary care, and tools for clinicians to address loneliness should be prioritized.

The role of emotions in esports performance.

Emotions that differ on the approach-avoidance dimension are thought to have different functions. Based on the motivational dimensional model of affect, we expected high-approach tendency (and not valence) to facilitate sports performance in a gaming context. Moreover, we expected the influence of high-approach emotions on performance to be mediated by higher levels of cognitive and physiological challenge as an approach-related response. To test these hypotheses, 241 men completed 5 matches of a soccer video game FIFA 19. Before each match, approach tendencies and valence were experimentally manipulated by showing films that elicit amusement, enthusiasm, sadness, anger, and neutral states. Approach tendency, challenge/threat evaluations, cardiovascular responses, and game scores were recorded. After watching enthusiastic and amusing videos, gamers displayed stronger approach tendencies, and, in turn, improved performance, compared to negative emotions and neutral conditions. Moreover, enthusiasm produced a stronger approach tendency and promoted better performance than amusement. Elicitation of unpleasant emotions (anger and sadness) had no effect on approach tendencies or gaming-outcomes relative to the neutral conditions. Across all conditions, gamers with higher levels of cognitive and cardiovascular challenge achieved higher scores. These findings indicate that in a gaming context performance is enhanced by pleasant emotions with high-approach tendencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Limites e possibilidades de agentes comunitários de saúde na identificação de sintomas depressivos / Límites y posibilidades de los agentes comunitarios de salud en la identificación de síntomas depresivos / Limitations and possibilities of community health workers in identifying depressive symptoms

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento de agentes comunitários de saúde sobre identificação de sintomas depressivos na comunidade. Método: trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, realizada em Unidade Básica de Saúde, em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil, com 15 agentes comunitários de saúde. Utilizou-se o método da Pesquisa-Ação. A produção dos dados aconteceu em janeiro e fevereiro de 2019, por meio de dois seminários temáticos, pautados no Método Criativo Sensível. Os discursos foram submetidos à análise temática. Resultados: agentes comunitários de saúde reconhecem os sintomas depressivos por tristeza, choro, isolamento, anedonia e solidão, manifestados pelos indivíduos. Os limites para essa identificação, relatados pelos profissionais, foram dificuldade de acesso aos usuários e às famílias e estigma e preconceito com a depressão. Quanto às possibilidades, destacaram-se acesso à informação sobre a temática pela mídia, diálogo/conversa estabelecido entre usuário e profissional e acesso à rede de apoio. Considerações finais: conclui-se que o reconhecimento, as limitações e as possibilidades de identificação de sintomas depressivos por esses profissionais refletem no diagnóstico, planejamento e implementação de ações no cuidado em saúde mental de forma precoce e segura.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el conocimiento de agentes comunitarios de salud sobre identificación de síntomas depresivos en la comunidad. Método: se trata de investigación cualitativa, realizada en Unidad Básica de Salud, en Teresina, Piauí, Brasil, con 15 agentes comunitarios de salud. Se utilizó el método de Investigación-acción. La producción de los datos tuvo lugar en enero y febrero de 2019, a través de dos seminarios temáticos, de acuerdo con el Método Creativo-sensible. Los discursos fueron sometidos al análisis temático. Resultados: Los agentes comunitarios de salud reconocen los síntomas depresivos por tristeza, llanto, aislamiento, anhedonia y soledad, manifestados por los individuos. Los límites para esa identificación, relatados por los profesionales, fueron dificultad de acceso a los usuarios y a las familias y estigma y prejuicio con la depresión. En cuanto a las posibilidades, se destacaron acceso a la información sobre la temática por los medios, diálogo/conversación establecido entre usuario y profesional y acceso a la red de apoyo. Consideraciones finales: se concluye que el reconocimiento, las limitaciones y las posibilidades de identificación de síntomas depresivos por parte de estos profesionales reflejan en el diagnóstico, la planificación e implementación de acciones en el cuidado en salud mental de forma precoz y segura.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the knowledge of community health workers about the identification of depressive symptoms in the community. Method: this is a qualitative research, conducted in a Primary Health Care Unit in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, with 15 community health workers. We used the Action-Research method. Data production took place in January and February 2019, through two thematic seminars, guided by the Creative Sensitive Method.The speeches were submitted to thematic analysis. Results: community health workers recognize the depressive symptoms by means of sadness, crying, isolation, anhedonia and loneliness, manifested by individuals. The limitations to this identification, reported by professionals, were difficulty of access to users and families, as well as stigma and prejudice against depression. As for the possibilities, access to information about the theme through the media, dialogue/conversation established between users and professionals, besides access to a support network, were highlighted. Final considerations: we conclude that the recognition, limitations and possibilities of identification of depressive symptoms by these professionals are reflected in the diagnosis, planning and implementation of actions in mental health care in an early and safe way.

The effects of subliminal or supraliminal sadness induction on the sense of body ownership and the role of dissociative symptoms.

Previous research has shown that emotions can alter our sense of ownership. Whether this relationship is modulated by differences in emotion experience and awareness, however, remains unclear. We investigated this by comparing the susceptibility to the rubber hand illusion (RHI) between participants who were either exposed to a low-arousing emotion induction (sadness) or placed in a neutral control group. Several factors that might influence this relationship were considered: dissociative symptoms were included to observe if a sadness induction led to a higher RHI score in participants scoring high in dissociation, as a result of detached emotion experience. Whether the level of awareness of the emotion mattered was also tested, as subliminal processing was shown to require less focal attention. Therefore, our sample (N = 122) was divided into three experimental groups: Sad pictures were presented to two of the three groups differing in presentation mode (subliminal: n = 40, supraliminal: n = 41), neutral pictures were presented supraliminally to the control group (n = 41). Additionally, the effects of slow (3 cm/s) and fast (30 cm/s) stroking, applied either synchronously or asynchronously, were examined as the comforting effects of stroking might interfere with the emotion induction. Results showed that the supraliminal sadness induction was associated with a stronger subjective illusion, but not with a higher proprioceptive drift compared to the subliminal induction. In addition, a stronger subjective illusion after fast and synchronous stroking was found compared to slow and asynchronous stroking. A significant proprioceptive drift was detected independent of group and stroking style. Both slow and synchronous stroking were perceived as more comforting than their respective counterparts. Participants with higher dissociative symptoms were more susceptible to the subjective illusion, especially in the supraliminal group in the synchronous condition. We concluded that individual differences in emotion experience are likely to play a role in body ownership. However, we cannot clarify at this stage whether differences in proprioception and the subjective illusion depend on the type of emotion experienced (e.g. different levels of arousal) and on concomitant changes in multisensory integration processes.

"We Are Saving Their Bodies and Destroying Their Souls.": Family Caregivers' Experiences of Formal Care Setting Visitation Restrictions during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study aims to explore the experiences of family caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic-imposed visitation restrictions at formal care settings (FCS) such as assisted living centers and traditional nursing homes. Participants (N = 512) were recruited from an international caregiving social media site that was developed at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive data was collected on the family caregivers, the care recipient and facility. Respondents also provided a single feeling word describing their experience and an open-ended question allowed for further exploration. Caregivers were predominantly daughters (n = 375). The most common reported feeling words were sadness (n = 200), trauma (n = 108), anger (n = 65), frustration (n = 56), helplessness (n = 50), and anxiety (n = 36). Thematic analysis revealed four overarching themes: 1) isolation 2) rapid decline 3) inhumane care and 4) lack of oversight. This study highlights the importance of addressing the mental, emotional and physical needs of both care recipient and family caregiver during this challenging time. Caregiver visitation policy reform that includes the care recipient and family caregiver is also discussed.